Sunday, 16 November 2008

Mobius Strip

Möbius strip

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莫比烏斯帶（Möbius strip或者Möbius band），又譯梅比斯環或麥比烏斯帶，是一種拓撲學結構，它只有一個面（表面），和一個邊界。它是由德國數學家、天文學家莫比烏斯（August Ferdinand Möbius）和約翰·李斯丁（Johhan Benedict Listing）在1858年獨立發現的。這個結構可以用一個紙帶旋轉半圈再把兩端粘上之後輕而易舉地製作出來。事實上有兩種不同的莫比烏斯帶鏡像，他們相互對稱。如果把紙帶順時針旋轉再粘貼，就會形成一個右手性的莫比烏斯帶，反之亦類似。

莫 比烏斯帶本身具有很多奇妙的性質。如果你從中間剪開一個莫比烏斯帶，不會得到兩個窄的帶子，而是會形成一個把紙帶的端頭扭轉了兩次再結合的環（並 不是莫比烏斯帶），再把剛剛做出那個把紙帶的端頭扭轉了兩次再結合的環從中間剪開，則變成兩個環。如果你把帶子的寬度分為三分，並沿著分割線剪開的話，會 得到兩個環，一個是窄一些的莫比烏斯帶，另一個則是一個旋轉了兩次再結合的環。另外一個有趣的特性是將紙帶旋轉多次再粘貼末端而產生的。比如旋轉三個半圈 的帶子再剪開後會形成一個三葉結。剪開帶子之後再進行旋轉，然後重新粘貼則會變成數個Paradromic。

莫比烏斯帶常被認為是無窮大符號「∞」的創意來源，因為如果某個人站在一個巨大的莫比烏斯帶的表面上沿著他能看到的「路」一直走下去，他就永遠不會停下來。但是這是一個不真實的傳聞，因為「∞」的發明比莫比烏斯帶還要早。
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A Möbius strip made with a piece of paper and tape.

The Möbius strip or Möbius band (pronounced /ˈmeɪbiəs/ or /ˈmoʊbiəs/ in English, IPA: [ˈmøːbiʊs] in German) (alternatively written Mobius or Moebius in English) is a surface with only one side and only one boundary component. It has the mathematical property of being non-orientable. It is also a ruled surface. It was discovered independently by the Germanmathematicians August Ferdinand Möbius and Johann Benedict Listing in 1858.[1][2][3]

A model can easily be created by taking a paper strip and giving it a half-twist, and then joining the ends of the strip together to form a single strip. In Euclidean space there are in fact two types of Möbius strips depending on the direction of the half-twist: clockwise and counterclockwise. The Möbius strip is therefore chiral, which is to say that it has "handedness" (as in right-handed or left-handed).

It is straightforward to find algebraic equations the solutions of which have the topology of a Möbius strip, but in general these equations do not describe the same geometric shape that one gets from the twisted paper model described above. In particular, the twisted paper model is a developable surface (it has zero Gaussian curvature). A system of differential-algebraic equations that describes models of this type was published in 2007 together with its numerical solution.[4]

The Euler characteristic of the Möbius strip is zero.

Properties

The Möbius strip has several curious properties. A model of a Möbius strip can be constructed by joining the ends of a strip of paper with a single half-twist. A line drawn starting from the seam down the middle will meet back at the seam but at the "other side". If continued the line will meet the starting point and will be double the length of the original strip of paper. This single continuous curve demonstrates that the Möbius strip has only one boundary.

Cutting a Möbius strip along the center line yields one long strip with two full twists in it, rather than two separate strips; the result is not a Möbius strip. This happens because the original strip only has one edge which is twice as long as the original strip of paper. Cutting creates a second independent edge, half of which was on each side of the knife or scissors. Cutting this new, longer, strip down the middle creates two strips wound around each other.

If the strip is cut along about a third of the way in from the edge, it creates two strips: One is a thinner Möbius strip - it is the center third of the original strip. The other is a long strip with two full twists in it - this is a neighborhood of the edge of the original strip.

Other analogous strips can be obtained by similarly joining strips with two or more half-twists in them instead of one. For example, a strip with three half-twists, when divided lengthwise, becomes a strip tied in a trefoil knot. Cutting a Möbius strip, giving it extra twists, and reconnecting the ends produces unexpected figures called paradromic rings.

Geometry and topology

A parametric plot of a Möbius strip
To turn a rectangle into a Möbius strip, join the edges labelled A so that the directions of the arrows match.

One way to represent the Möbius strip as a subset of R3 is using the parametrization:

x(u,v)= \textstyle \left(1+\frac{1}{2}v \cos \frac{1}{2}u\right)\cos u
y(u,v)= \textstyle \left(1+\frac{1}{2}v\cos\frac{1}{2}u\right)\sin u
z(u,v)= \textstyle \frac{1}{2}v\sin \frac{1}{2}u

where 0 ≤ u <>v ≤ 1. This creates a Möbius strip of width 1 whose center circle has radius 1, lies in the xy plane and is centered at (0, 0, 0). The parameter u runs around the strip while v moves from one edge to the other.

In cylindrical polar coordinates (r, θ, z), an unbounded version of the Möbius strip can be represented by the equation:

\textstyle \log(r)\sin\left(\frac{1}{2}\theta\right)=z\cos\left(\frac{1}{2}\theta\right).

Topologically, the Möbius strip can be defined as the square [0,1] × [0,1] with its top and bottom sides identified by the relation (x, 0) ~ (1 − x, 1) for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, as in the diagram on the right.

The Möbius strip is a two-dimensional compact manifold (i.e. a surface) with boundary. It is a standard example of a surface which is not orientable. The Möbius strip is also a standard example used to illustrate the mathematical concept of a fiber bundle. Specifically, it is a nontrivial bundle over the circle S1 with a fiber the unit interval, I = [0,1]. Looking only at the edge of the Möbius strip gives a nontrivial two point (or Z2) bundle over S1.

A simple construction of the Möbius strip which can be used to portray it in computer graphics or modeling packages is as follows :

  • Take a rectangular strip. Rotate it around a fixed point not in its plane. At every step also rotate the strip along a line in its plane (the line which divides the strip in two) and perpendicular to the main orbital radius. The surface generated on one complete revolution is the Möbius strip.
  • Take a Möbius strip and cut it along the middle of the strip. This will form a new strip, which is a rectangle joined by rotating one end a whole turn. By cutting it down the middle again, this forms two interlocking whole-turn strips.

Möbius band with flat edge

The edge of a Möbius strip is topologically equivalent to the circle. Under the usual embeddings of the strip in Euclidean space, as above, this edge is not an ordinary (flat) circle. It is possible to embed a Möbius strip in three dimensions so that the edge is a circle, and the resulting figure is called the Sudanese Möbius Band.

To see this, first consider such an embedding into the 3-sphere S3 regarded as a subset of R4. A parametrization for this embedding is given by

z_1 = \sin\eta\,e^{i\varphi}
z_2 = \cos\eta\,e^{i\varphi/2}.

Here we have used complex notation and regarded R4 as C2. The parameter η runs from 0 to πφ runs from 0 to 2π. Since and  z1  the embedded surface lies entirely on S3. The boundary of the strip is given by | z2 | = 1 (corresponding to η = 0, π), which is clearly a circle on the 3-sphere.

To obtain an embedding of the Möbius strip in R3 one maps S3 to R3 via a stereographic projection. The projection point can be any point on S3 which does not lie on the embedded Möbius strip (this rules out all the usual projection points). Stereographic projections map circles to circles and will preserve the circular boundary of the strip. The result is a smooth embedding of the Möbius strip into R3 with a circular edge and no self-intersections.

Related objects

A closely related 'strange' geometrical object is the Klein bottle. A Klein bottle can be produced by gluing two Möbius strips together along their edges; this cannot be done in ordinary three-dimensional Euclidean space without creating self-intersections.[5]

Another closely related manifold is the real projective plane. If a circular disk is cut out of the real projective plane, what is left is a Möbius strip.[6] Going in the other direction, if one glues a disk to a Möbius strip by identifying their boundaries, the result is the projective plane. In order to visualize this, it is helpful to deform the Möbius strip so that its boundary is an ordinary circle (see above). The real projective plane, like the Klein bottle, cannot be embedded in three-dimensions without self-intersections.

In graph theory, the Möbius ladder is a cubic graph closely related to the Möbius strip.

Occurrence and use in nature and technology

A scarf designed as a Möbius strip.

There have been technical applications. Giant Möbius strips have been used as conveyor belts that last longer because the entire surface area of the belt gets the same amount of wear, and as continuous-loop recording tapes (to double the playing time). Möbius strips are common in the manufacture of fabric computer printer and typewriter ribbons, as they allow the ribbon to be twice as wide as the print head while using both half-edges evenly.

A device called a Möbius resistor is an electronic circuit element which has the property of canceling its own inductive reactance. Nikola Tesla patented similar technology in the early 1900s:[7] "Coil for Electro Magnets" was intended for use with his system of global transmission of electricity without wires.

The Möbius strip is the configuration space of two unordered points on a circle. Consequently, in music theory, the space of all two note chords, known as dyads, takes the shape of a Möbius strip.[8][9]

In physics/electro-technology:

  • as compact resonator with the resonance frequency with half of identically constructed linear coils[10]
  • as inductionless resistance[11]
  • as superconductors with high transition temperature[12]
The Universal Recycling Symbol is a form of Möbius strip.

In chemistry/nano-technology:

  • as “knot molecules” with special characteristics (Knotane [2], Chirality)
  • as molecular engines[13]
  • as Graphene volume (nano-graphite) with new electronic characteristics, like helical magnetism[14]
  • In a special type of aromaticity: Möbius aromaticity
  • Charged particles, which were caught in the magnetic field of the earth, can move on a Möbius band[15]
  • The Cyclotide (cyclic protein) Kalata B1, active substance of the plant Oldenlandia affinis, contains Möbius topology for the peptide backbone.

See also

References

  1. ^ Clifford A. Pickover (March 2006). The Möbius Strip : Dr. August Möbius's Marvelous Band in Mathematics, Games, Literature, Art, Technology, and Cosmology. Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 1560258268.
  2. ^ Rainer Herges (2005). Möbius, Escher, Bach – Das unendliche Band in Kunst und Wissenschaft . In: Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau 6/58/2005, 301-310. ISSN 0028-1050.
  3. ^ Chris Rodley (ed.) (1997). Lynch on Lynch, 231.
  4. ^ Starostin E.L., van der Heijden G.H.M. (2007). "The shape of a Möbius strip". Nature Materials 6: 563. doi:10.1038/nmat1929, http://www.nature.com/nmat/journal/v6/n8/abs/nmat1929.html.
  5. ^ Spivak, Michael (1979). A Comprehensive Introduction to Differential Geometry, Volume I, 2nd edition, Wilmington, Delaware: Publish or Perish, 591.
  6. ^ Hilbert, David; S. Cohn-Vossen (1999). Geometry and the Imagination, 2nd edition, Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 316. ISBN 9780821819982.
  7. ^ U.S. Patent 512,340
  8. ^ Clara Moskowitz, Music Reduced to Beautiful Math, LiveScience
  9. ^ Dmitri Tymoczko (7 July 2006). "The Geometry of Musical Chords". Science 313 (5783): 72–74. doi:10.1126/science.1126287.
  10. ^ IEEE of Trans. Microwave Theory and Tech., volume. 48, No. 12, pp. 2465-2471, Dec. 2000
  11. ^ U.S. Patent 3.267.406
  12. ^ Raul Perez Enriquez A Structural parameter for High Tc Superconductivity from an Octahedral Moebius Strip in RBaCuO: 123 type of perovskite Rev Mex Fis v.48 supplement 1, 2002, p.262 or at here
  13. ^ Angew Chem Int OD English one 2005 February 25; 44 (10): 1456-77.
  14. ^ arXiv: cond-mat/0309636 v1 Physica E 26 February 2006
  15. ^ IEEE Transactions on plasma Science, volume. 30, No. 1, February 2002

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